Good Peanut Farming
Introduction
Peanuts are one of the most nutritious products. In Tanzania their population thrives in the South East, Dodoma and Morogoro regions. As well as providing fats such as their products are used in a variety of other ways, they include: Animal / animal feed (Avocados and grass), nutritional supplements and human food: chewing and supplementing vegetables (Confectionary)
This is generally used by farmers as a commodity.
Weather
Peanuts thrive in areas with elevations less than 1500 meters from sea level in Tanzania, and thrive in areas with average rainfall of 750 mm to 1200 mm per year.
As well as nuts thrive in sandy soil, it is advisable not to plant peanuts in heavy soil (pottery) this is due to the fact that peanuts do not grow in well-drained areas, and heavy soil causes losses during harvesting.
Best Peanut Seeds
There are many peanut seeds but the most recently announced and most effective ones are the following:
Love 2009
I continued on 2009
May 2009
Today 2009
Masasi
I turn 2009
Field Production
The field should be well prepared to enable the soil to water and roots easily. Nuts are planted in terraces or censuses.
Seed Processing
Nuts that are intended for seed should be cared for by their pods unannounced.
They should be planted around the growing season and selected. After being selected for treatment, Fernasan D, In a dose of 28 grams of medicine per 10 kg of pure seed.
When to plant: The decision to choose the best time to plant is one that will allow the crop to mature during the last rains. Delaying the planting, reduces the yield. It is important to select the type of seed whose harvest is similar to the local atmospheric conditions.
For Southern regions: medium and long-term nuts (Johari, Red Mwitunde) should be planted from mid to late December. Short-term nuts (Spanish and Valencia) should be planted from late December to mid-January.
For the eastern regions and parts of the Dodoma region: nuts should be planted early in the beginning of the long rains (February / March).
Space Between Plants
It is recommended to plant nuts in rows. The spacing between the rows is 50 centimeters, and between the plants is 15 centimeters for Virginia Spreading types. As the nuts are planted on ridges of 90 centimeters, two rows should be planted, each ridge. For this purpose 60-75 kilograms of seed are used per hectare.
For nuts in the Spanish / Valencia group (bare), the space between the rows is 50 centimeters, and between the plants is 10 cm. If the nuts are planted on ridges of 90 centimeters, plant two rows, making the same position 50 cm per cent 10. About 80-100 kg of seeds are used per hectare for this opportunity. Which equals about 32 to 40 kg per acre.
For all types of seeds, plant one clean seed, in each hole.
Demand for Peanut Fertilizers
According to the experiments it has been shown that nuts thrive well under low levels of phosphorus. Phosphorus nutrient sources are plant fertilizers and include TSP, SSP and DAP. All these fertilizers should be placed before planting or during planting but care is needed to not allow the fertilizer to come into contact with the seed. An amount of 90 kg of Phosphorus (= four bags of DAP) is enough per hectare which equals 35 kg (= one and a half bags of DAP) per acre.
Similarly in other places, nuts have done well using manure. Crop Rotation helps maintain fertility, reducing the amount of fertilizer used. Nuts can be cultivated after maize, to use fertilizer residue.
Gardening
The nuts should be weaned when young. Properly cultivated garden and removal of perennial weeds can be immediately planted, because the nuts grow fast, and they can compete with the weeds. After flowering, the nuts are not planted, this can damage the 'pegs', ultimately reducing the yield.
Diseases and Insect Pests
Dangerous Diseases of Peanuts
(i) Aflatoxin
In moist conditions a parasite called Aspegilus flavus germinates in the pods and attacks the nuts. These bacteria produce a chemical that is toxic.
Prevention
Make sure the nuts are not damaged during digging.
Make sure the nuts are well dried (10% moisture) before keeping them for use as seeds
Plant nuts should be given Fernasan-D.
(ii) Cercospora Leaf Spots and Rust
These diseases can cause brownish-brown spots on the leaves. The organisms that cause these diseases are of three types:
Cersospora arachidicola. Causes Early Leaf Spot.
Phaeoisariopsis personata. Causes the Late Leaf spot. Early Leaf Spot Disease is first seen, but both diseases can occur in the field starting 3-5 weeks after peanuts are planted.
Puccinia arachidis. Causes Rust disease.
Prevention
Early planting.
Eliminating peanut cracks during the dry season.
Take Chlorothalonil (Daconil 2787)
The drug is administered as much as 1.6 kg in 800 liters of water per hectare, every seven days, for a few weeks to start when symptoms of the disease appear. Investigations into the strains that are resistant to these diseases are still underway in Naliendele.
(iii) Rosette virus (Rosette virus disease)
This disease is transmitted by a pest called “Insect Oil” Aphids (Aphis cracivora). Plants that have been attacked by this disease will grow, and have yellow spots.
Prevention
Early planting
Plant your nuts in the field in close quarters.
Weed and remove debris from your garden.
(iv) Empty pods or pops
Nuts infected with the disease often contain seeds (bare pods). This disease is caused by a lack of Calcium (lime) in the soil.
Prevention
Apply Calcium in Gypsum (Ca SO4) form to plants or apply lime (CaO) to the soil before planting. The disease is located in the southern regions of Tanzania (Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma) and is especially common in long-standing nuts such as Red Mwitunde.
Experiments in Tanzania have not proven Liming to be the right answer to the fight against tuberculosis, but to reduce, early planting is important.
Destructive Pests of Peanuts
(i) Oil Aphids or “Insect Oil” (Aphis cracivora)
They attack nuts every season, but their biggest effect is spreading Rosette's disease. During heavy rains they are washed off the leaves, so they do not cause harm.
Prevention
Early planting
plant nuts almost everywhere
(ii) Groundnut hopper: Hilda patruelis
It absorbs roots, pegs, and young nuts, thus causing the leaves to turn yellow, wither, and the plant dry up in its infancy. These insects attack other crops such as beans, legumes. sunflowers and cashew nuts, so a good rotation of the crop is required.
Prevention
In large fields, it is advisable to use Aldrin or chloropyrifos, to mix in the soil before planting.
Spraying Dimethoate as soon as the pest is exposed
Do not mix with cassava or peas in the same field as peanuts.
(iii) Ants
There are two types of ants that attack and cause damage to the peanut crop.
The first type is those who pierce the root, or make holes, and stay in the peanut plant all the time in the field.
The second type is those that cut branches that grow or crawl. This damage is most noticeable in the new field. Delay in harvesting can result in the loss of many crops, due to root damage, causing many nuts to remain in the field during harvest.
Prevention
Ants can be prevented by using Alandrin 40% powder, in a dose of 2.5 kg / hectare. The easiest way is to mix herbs with Phosphate (TSP or SSP) fertilizers or soil and pour them in the field before planting the nuts.
(iv) Mice
It attacks most when nuts begin to grow, and when they are about to be harvested.
How to Prevent Mice:
Use pesticides
Traps
Dig them out of the ground they hid.
(v) Aircraft
Like rats, birds especially ravens attack the nuts before they germinate (soon after sowing), when they start to germinate, when they come close and when they are mature.
Prevention
Using traps such as fishing nets or bait
Moving (... is sitting in the field and chasing after birds when they come to graze)
Put (hang / hang) a carcass or crow on the field.
Peel the Peanuts
How will you know if your nuts are ripe? The following are some of the most common symptoms seen in mature nuts:
Look at the leaves: they tend to turn yellow and start to get or get worse spots of spots and eventually cramps.
When you dig and look the pods look hard and they break easily. Pods of unripe peanuts become soft and sticky when swallowed.
The inside color of the pod changes from white to brown.
If you dig nuts (in different parts of the field) and find seven or more mature stems in each of the 10 stems, then your nuts are fully mature.
As they reach maturity days due to the number of days it takes from planting to maturity. Be sure to keep in mind the type of seed you plant and the time it takes to ripen, examine the nuts as they get closer.
Separating Peanuts
Nuts separating is separating the nuts and nuts. Separate the nuts and nuts with the hands. Peanut pods can also be roasted using the tip of a hoe or a cut barrel. If you peel it you get some peanut nuts. This activity takes place immediately after you have shaved. Once roasted, the peanut nuts are analyzed and then dried in the sun to dry and stored until they are needed for use or sale.
Analyzing Peanuts
Analyze pods of peeled nuts by separating crushed, non-grain, rotten or pest-infested. The purpose of the analysis is to find the best peanut pods. Good peanut chips should be prepared ready to be dried or transported.
Dry Peanuts
Peanut pods are well dried to control the likelihood of peanuts being attacked by fungal diseases during storage. Dry the sun by spreading the bottoms on a good closet, canvas or clean floor. During drying consider the following: -
Make sure the peanut kernels have dried up to 9 percent moisture using a moisture gauge or as long as you find them dry enough.
Excessive drying causes the peanut skin to deteriorate during peeling and thus reduce the quality of the crop.
After drying, pack fresh peanut pods in bags not exceeding 75 kg.
Storing Noodle Nuts
To avoid damage it is important to keep the nuts in the pods. Roasted peanuts are kept for a short time and are easily attacked by moths and cause massive loss. Nuts in storage allow peanuts to be stored for more than one year while frozen peanuts can be stored for no more than two months.
Before putting the nuts in the barn, consider the following: -
Clean the barn to remove pests and litter.
Avoid all areas that may allow rodents and other pests to enter.
Sacks should be arranged horizontally to allow air circulation.
Nuts can also be stored in a well-stocked state in bins, silo, or legumes.
Eliminating Peanuts Pods
Peanut chips are roasted using hands or machines.
Wandering using hands
Peanuts are pruned by squeezing the pods with their fingers. This method is waterproof, lasts long and is suitable for small amounts of nuts. However, this method reduces yield losses. Peanuts also get better when they are roasted this way.
Peeling peanuts is a very difficult task. One person can lose about 12-15 kilos a day. The nuts in the Virginia group look much easier than the Spanish or Valencia varieties.
Peanut butter machines are available locally, they are easy to operate, but if they are not taken they destroy the nuts. An average of 160 kilograms of peanut butter produces 100 kilograms of peanut butter and this process takes about eight days for one person.
Machine spinning
Peanuts are roasted using special containers. This method eliminates more nuts and shorter ones. These machines are operated by hand, electric or engine. They simplify the work and are capable of slipping an average of 40 kilograms in an hour.
Analyzing Roasted Nuts
Crushed, moldy, cracked, insect-damaged and cracked peanuts are separated from the best nuts.
Rotten and diseased peanuts should not be used for human or animal food.
Carefully analyze the peeled nuts using special containers as they are usually broken down depending on the type of nuts, the dryness of the chips and the effectiveness of the machine.
Bridging
Peanut bridges are arranged according to size, type and color. Also consider the quality standards set for each grade of peanuts. Low grade peanut seeds should be used quickly as they are more susceptible to fungi. The best peanut seeds (grade 1) should be used for storage, sale or processing.
Packing
Pack peeled nuts in bags less than 100 kg
